Review Article Example

Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Circadian Clock Mutants in Arabidopsis Various aspects of plant development and metabolism are regulated by the circadian clock. Since clock mutations in some species mainly influence a number of rhythmic markers in parallel, it means that a lone oscillator can manage several outputs. In a bid to identify mutant seedlings with abnormal cycling patterns, the study used the rotating bioluminescence of  Arabidopsis plants  bearing a firefly  luciferase  combination construct with the initial peak of luminescence sequence varying from the wild types’ (Millar et.al, 1995).The period and frequency have isolated the genes that influence circadian rhythmicity. Allelic chains at each locus are; long- and short-period alleles, whereas the null alleles, are mostly arrhythmic. Despite the lack of the lack of palpable homology of phase or rate of recurrence series to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, identification of genes needed for oscillator purpose can still be done using genet ic screens for period mutants. They used a preset video imaging system to observe leaf movements and the transgenic parent line in tocl plants. The recovered Mutants with both long- and short time, partially dominant short-period mutation drawn, and timed of CAB expression (toc1), into  chromosome. According to Millar, the phase of entrainment, amplitude of cycling, and earlier luminescence levels were not extensively changed in the mutant. The tocl individuals grown in light or dark were similar to the parent transgenic. Separation of tocl from the transgene showed that the mutation was not dependent on the correspondent gene.The results concluded that the toc1 mutation condense the movements of primary leaves, the manifestation of  chlorophyll a/b-binding  protein (CAB) genes and the phase of two separate  circadian rhythms, although toc1 mutants do not express wide-ranging pleiotropy for other phenotypes.1. How does light affect tocl seedlings compared to wild type?2. Do es the tocl mutation express any variance in their phenotypes? Explain.Work citedMillar, AJ, AI Carre, CA Strayer, NH Chua, and SA Kay. "Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by... [Science. 1995] - PubMed - NCBI."National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Article Review This article basically entails an exploration into the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms. The basic exploration was to provide evidence of the regulation of core body temperature’s circadian rhythms to that of the normal cycle of sleep and wake. The researchers hypothesized that night-time melatonin secretion may be concerned in the regularization of the human BTc circadian rhythm. Since, Pineal melatonin discharge takes place contemporaneously during the nocturnal hours and is interceded by the commencement of beta-adrenoceptors cells during night. The research was conducted by performing experiments with a sample of 12 women, usually boarded to light and dark cycle for two days. It was concluded that the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms were inversely linked to that of melatonin. The established hypothermic attributes of melatonin are responsible for the propagation of at least forty percent of the circadian BTc rhythm’s a mplitude. Exploitation of melatonin levels may thus provide an opportunity for clinical resynchronization of the BTc rhythm under circumstances when BTc rhythms are desynchronized either due to jet-lag or night-shift work (Cagnaccit, Elliotti and Yen 447). The title was sufficiently descriptive as the article entailed causal study between the quoted variables. The study was intended to explore the relationship between the melatonin secretion and the circadian rhythms of the core body temperature. The subject was important as due to the rapid industrialization, humans are obliged to work in the night shifts to attain maximum number of outputs. While the night-time work may lead to the creation of dissociation within the human circadian rhythms and it may also alter or change the phase relationship existing between the endogenous rhythms and environmental time. So the study provides a relationship between the melatonin levels and the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms th at can be utilized in bringing harmony in cases of desynchronized BTc rhythms either due to night shift job or jet-lag.Questions1. Whether the sleep and melatonin secretion collectively related to the excessive hypothermic effect?2. Whether sleep deprivation leads to the reduction in the amplitude of circadian rhythms of the BTc? Cagnaccit, A., Elliotti, J. A. and Yen, S. S. C. Melatonin: A Major Regulator of the Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature in Humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75.2 [1992]: 447-452. Print. Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Review of article "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus The article in review "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus describes the pacemaker role of suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mammalian circadian system thus the title correctly points out to the subject of the paper. The purpose of this experiment was to understand the biological clock found in most mammals. This clock is found in the SCN which is the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus part of the brain. The work is based on experiments done on hamsters whose T mutationprovided the chance to test the role of the SCN as pacemaker. There were several reasons to undergo this experiment such as various evidences that led to this view. For example what the SCN is the target of and what it is required for, the fact that tissue explants that consist of the SCN keep on expressing circadian rhythms in electrical activity (Sanger et al, 5463) This work is important because it is the this activity that regulate s the body processes such as body temperature, hormone system and their production as well as its effect on drug abuse and sexual orientation in humans. With this study the scientists used transplants of the SCN in animals whose own nucleus was absent. The results showed that the rhythms matched the period of the donor and not the genotype of the host. So it was proven that the circadian rhythm is determined by the SCN regardless of where the cells came from meaning that the clock does exist in mammals. REFERENCESRalph, Martin R., et al. "Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period."  Science  247.4945 (1990): 975-978.Sanger, Frederick, Steven Nicklen, and Alan R. Coulson. "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors."  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  74.12 (1977): 5463-5467.

Rise of the American Political Parties essays

Rise of the American Political Parties essays There have always been irrational views of our nation from the people. Some believed if you desire a strong federal government, youll need to address the key factors; ease any national problems, establish a plan to activate industrialization and infrastructure, and develop a commercial economy which would help strengthen the government and its power. These factors were believed to be the sole of the problem, which led to relentless disagreements among Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Both were members of Washingtons Presidential Cabinet, and soon after working together, these two men went separate ways because of their disagreements. They both soon gained national attention and support from publicly addressing their different views about the issues or concerns within our nation. Another issue that arose in the conflict was the refusal of Washington coming to Frances aid during the French Revolution and how did this affect his goal of national attention and support when public izing his Farewell Address? These were a few of the many actions that created tensions over disagreements that soon led to the dividing of the parties in our country. The growth of political parties had arisen in the early American Republic because of antagonistic views on the arrangement of a national government and its power, plus the arrangement of national policies under our new nation. The views between political successors were diverse when addressing their intentions to try to make our nation better. Tension between common people soon arose too, which was inspired by the conflict that started between prominent leaders over opposing views on issues within the nation. In Documents 1, 2, s views on Hamilton and Hamiltons views on Jefferson, and also the key differences between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton briefly address their views for...

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare Updated and Edited by  Michelle A. Rivera,  Animal Rights Expert for About.com  May 16, 2016 The environmental movement and the animal rights movement often have similar goals, but the philosophies are different and sometimes cause the two camps to oppose each other. The Environmental Movement The goal of the environmental movement is protect the environment and use resources in a sustainable manner. Campaigns are based on the big picture - whether a practice can continue without harming the balance of the ecosystem. The environment is important as it affects human health, but the environment is also, in itself, worth protecting. Popular environmental campaigns include protecting the Amazon rainforest from deforestation, protecting endangered species, reducing pollution, and fighting climate change. The Animal Rights Movement The goal of the animal rights movement is for animals to be free of human use and exploitation. Animal rights is based on a recognition that non-human animals are sentient and therefore have their own rights and interests. While some activists work on single issue campaigns such as fur, meat, or circuses; the broader goal is a vegan world where all animal use and exploitation is eliminated. Similarities Between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Both movements recognize we must protect the environment. Both oppose unsustainable practices, and both seek to protect wildlife from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. These threats affect not only whole ecosystems but individual animals who will suffer and die if we continue to ignore environmental issues. We also often see environmental and animal rights groups taking the same position on an issue for different reasons. While animal rights groups oppose eating meat because it infringes on the rights of the animals, some environmental groups oppose meat eating because of the environmental devastation of animal agriculture. The Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club has a Biodiversity/Vegetarian Outreach Committee, and calls meat a Hummer on a Plate. Both movements also work to protect endangered animal species. Animal rights activists work to protect spotted owls because they are sentient beings, while environmentalists want to see individual spotted owls protected because the individuals are important for the survival of the species; and that species is important in the web of life. Differences between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Most animal rights activists also try to protect the environment, but if there is a conflict between environmental protection and the lives of individual animals, animal rights activists will choose to protect the animals because the animals are sentient and the rights of the individuals cannot be infringed to protect trees or a collective group. Also, environmentalists may not object if an activity kills or threatens individual animals without threatening the species or ecosystem as a whole. For example, some environmentalists do not oppose hunting or may even support hunting if they believe that hunting will not threaten the survival of the species. The rights and interests of individual animals are not a concern to some environmentalists. However, hunting cannot be considered acceptable to animal rights advocates because killing an animal, whether it is for food or trophies, infringes on the rights of the animal. This applies whether or not the species is endangered or threatened. To an animal rights activist, the life of a single animal matters. Similarly, environmentalists often talk about conservation, which is the sustainable use of a resource. Hunters also use the word conservation as a euphemism for hunting. To animal rights advocates, animals should not be considered a resource. This difference in philosophies causes People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to refer to the World Wildlife Fund as the Wicked Wildlife Fund. WWF is not an animal rights group, but works to conserve nature. According to PETA, WWF has demanded more animal testing of genetically modified organisms before they are approved for human consumption. To WWF, the potential threat of GMOs to the environment and to human health outweighs the lives of animals who are used for GMO safety testing. Animal rights advocates believe that we cannot exploit animals in laboratories by conducting GMO testing, or in any other testing, regardless of the possible benefits. According to PETA, WWF also does not oppose the killing of seals for fur, since they do not believe that the practice threatens the survival of the seal population. Wildlife While the deaths of individual animals are not usually considered an environmental issue, environmental groups do sometimes get involved in non-endangered wildlife issues. For example, some environmental groups work to protect all whale species, even though some whale species - such as minke whales and Brydes whales - are not endangered. The protection of large, iconic animals like whales, panda bears and elephants will probably always be championed by some environmental groups regardless of their survival status due to the popularity of these animals, which gives them a high profile.

Social Security Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Security Reform - Essay Example This discussion briefly explains how Social Security is collected and distributed, how it affects different segments of society and why the fund is shrinking. It then examines the Bush administration’s proposed solution to the problem and debates the merits of this plan designed to privatize Social Security. The Social Security system operates by collecting taxpayer money and redistributing it to selected persons in need. Employees pay about six percent of their salary into Social Security and their employer contributes a matching amount. The fund earns interest by investing in U.S. Treasury bonds then pays retirees who have paid into the fund as employees. It also pays to the spouses of deceased retirees and to disabled persons of working age. Half of the nation’s elderly would live below the poverty line if not for the benefits paid by Social Security as opposed to the ten percent presently in poverty. Today, nearly 60 percent of retirees acquire more than half of their income from Social Security. For a third of recipients, benefits account for 90 percent of their total income. Today, Social Security is taking in slightly more money than it is paying out but, according to government estimates, the reverse will be true â€Å"within the next fifteen to twenty years† (Johnson, 2006) but will still be capable of paying full benefits until about 2042. The Social Security Administration estimates that the funding balance will tip by 2028 and steadily decline until the fund is exhausted in 2042 at which time it will retain the interest paid from the Treasury bonds and when that is depleted these bonds are sold back to the government to replenish the fund. An insufficient Social Security fund translates to reduced benefits. If the current system is not changed, full benefits would be paid through 2042 then decreased by at least 25 percent from then until 2078 and cut again after that. This looming deficit could be offset if

Positive Accounting Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Accounting Theory - Research Paper Example The predictions of real world situations help small businesses in choosing the appropriate accounting policies that would help them in advancing. The predictions of positive accounting theory with regards to the real world situation go a long way in assisting firms to react positively to new standards of accounting introduced by the legal bodies. Moreover, the overall objective of the positive accounting theory is to enable firms to predict and understand their accounting policies choices. The theory also puts into consideration, the economic consequences of the policies on the firms and the economy in general. Positive Accounting Theory Small businesses organize their operations in an efficient manner using the positive accounting theory, which helps firms in maximizing economic opportunities for growth and survival in the business world. Due to the need for business operations efficiency, firms will need to minimize contract related costs. Ordinarily, contract related costs include negotiation costs, monitoring and renegotiation costs with regards to accounting variables in terms of financial ratios and net income accounting information. Minimization of contract related costs fully relies on the mandate of a firm in choosing the most appropriate accounting policies with regards to its operations. ... environment, appropriate accounting policies and contract related costs minimization may be comprised by the opportunistic interests of the company’s management. Political cost hypothesis The political environment is proved to interfere in business operations in many cases, thus affecting managerial decisions with regards to accounting policies. The more a company faces political costs, the greater the chances that managers of a particular firm will choose accounting policies that alter current reported earnings to future expected earnings. This is mainly because current reported earnings that depict high levels of profits will certainly lead to political interferences that may influence incorporation of new government regulations and tax charges. These interferences are relevant to both small and large businesses though growth and stability of small businesses may be greatly hampered as compared to large entities that are stable. Small Businesses Positive accounting theory ap plications help managers in spearheading growth and development of small businesses, which play an important role of creating employment and growth of Gross Domestic Product. Governments such as the United Kingdom federal government have enacted policies and programs that assist small businesses to develop. Strategies have been outlined by governments of developing countries and trade organizations to facilitate growth of small businesses. Banks have also played a big role in growth and development of enterprises through loans and involvement in policy formulation and innovations. Moreover, best accounting policies that have been practically efficient in spearheading corporate development have been implemented. The existing variations in different economies directly impact on the differences

Special Education Individualized Education Program Research Paper

Special Education Individualized Education Program - Research Paper Example In outlining those components, it is important to also include additional IEP considerations relevant to student academic and behavioral performance in school communities. Parent participation is necessary-send written invitation to parents at least three times per certified mail. If parents cannot attend meeting, conduct a phone conference and include that information on the IEP. Send parents a copy of the completed IEP via certified mail and indicate date mailed (within three days of the meeting) and IEP case manager initials sending the IEP) The practice within the educational community of labeling children is tied to funding. When a child falls into a disability category, such as learning disabled (LD), the district, and the school the child attends, is given funding to offset the extra costs of educating that child. Because children with learning disabilities are capable of functioning at grade level with assistance outside normal teaching parameters, having your child labeled as LD means he or she gets extra help. This falls squarely on the pro side of labeling. If your child has a language processing disorder and so has difficulty reading, writing and spelling, he or she may be able to participate in language classes with four or five other students, one teacher, and an aide. This individualized attention will help your child succeed. The down side to this is he or she will be pulled from his regular class during that time. This means all the other students know he is special ed. If there is low tolerance for students outside the norm in your childs particular school, this may prove to be socially damaging. Due to the rising number of children diagnosed with learning disabilities, however, this is becoming less of a problem. More schools are incorporating LD methodologies into the mainstream classroom to accommodate these labeled children, primarily

(Aviation) Safety Areas at the Airport Research Paper

(Aviation) Safety Areas at the Airport - Research Paper Example According to Hardway (1991), airport security entails systems and techniques that the authority uses in order to provide protection to individuals as well as their cargo. The passengers, aircraft and staff that use the airports need to be protected from any form of harm, fear and transgression. Ashford, et.al (2011) states that since so many people use the airport on daily basis, this makes them to be key targets for terrorism and any other form of crime since large numbers of people are assembled in a particular location. Likewise, more people found on large airliners are exposed to death attacks on the aircraft if no proper security measures are put in place. This is because terrorists are able to us hijacked airplanes as an imaginative weapon in order to aim passengers on board (Edwards, 2004). The management of the airport normally tries to use all means possible to prevent all forms of threat from occurring or being realized in the country (Edwards, 2004). If the airport security manages to prevent any harm, then any chance of illegal items, threats and any form of fateful situation incoming into both the airport, country and the aircraft are significantly reduced. From the above, it is clear that the airport security has the all rights to defend the country and airport as well as users from any harmful activity. By so doing, it assures the security of travelling passengers and lastly guards the country and its citizens. The airport authority must be informed and hence protect crucial areas that are vital for security of its passengers and their cargo (Dixon, 2009). This research paper is about safety areas at the airport. It clearly highlights several safety areas at the airports and measures being outlined in order to curb any form of attack to passengers, their goods as well airport operators. At the airport,