Demonstrate a critical understanding of current issues in either Essay

Demonstrate a critical understanding of current issues in either investigation or prosecution of a aspect of cybercrime or e-investigation - Essay Example Increase in financial crime activities has become widespread, but there is still difficulty in maintaining transparent policies and actions of financial information. The problems faced by financial institutions continue to rise with issues relating to politics, legal, technology and economics arising with time. Financial institutions increasingly face challenges in managing cyber-attacks. Malicious attackers are increasingly becoming more sophisticated and widespread in devising methods of financial fraud. Banking institutions in Europe mainly face denial-of-service on a large-scale basis hindering their daily investigations. Institutions that handle regional bank and credit Sacco’s often face challenges in financial security breach. Enemies of the state breach their financial systems to seek for intellectual property and intelligence. Hackers use the security breaches to make political statements to their enemies. Cyber gangs working in crime groups opt for the vice to gain money by stealing finds in accounts or hacking into ATMs. A reduction in technology costs leads to the decrease of barriers implemented to curb cybercrime, providing criminals with cheaper and easier ways to penetrate into financial networks. The growing black market encourages a new generation of wrong doers wi shing to breach data services for financial institutions. 1In June 2014, the Bank of England increased its efforts in the protection of the UK’s financial institutions from cybercrime. The testing framework aims at combining government intelligence with security industries assessing the risks. Implementing the new cyber security strategy named CBEST seeks to ease pressure on financial services in England. With this in mind, the study seeks to analyze the financial security of the Bank of England. Financial crime in indicates that both internal and external rely on IT systems to manage information (BBC,

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Martin Luther King, Jr is a prominent African American in the history of the United States of America renown for his civil rights activism in his life making him an important human rights icon even today. Martin Luther King Jr was born in Atlanta, Georgia on 15th January 1929 in a Christian family with his father Martin Luther King Sr. a reverend and his mother Alberta Williams King. He had two siblings, an older sister and a younger brother. King grew up in Atlanta and attended Bookker T Washington High School. He joined Morehouse College at the age of fifteen and later in 1948 graduated with a degree in Arts majoring in sociology. He later enrolled in Cruzer Theological Seminary for theological studies and graduated in 1951. He enrolled in Boston University for his doctorate in systematic theology and received his PHD in 1955. He married Coretta Scott in 1953 and had four children. In 1954 he became Dextor Avenue Baptist Church Pastor at the age of 25. In 1955 he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1957 assisted the founding of Southern Christian Leadership conference, 1963 led March on Washington where he delivered his â€Å"I have a Dream† speech and in1964, he received Nobel Peace prize. Thereafter his focuses was on poverty Vietnam War and religion and in 1968 April 4th, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His significance is still felt and have been rewarded the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2004 Congressional Gold Medal and the United States further established a national holiday in his respect in 1986. (Bruns 1-30) Martin Luther King Jr accomplished a lot in his life. The 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott which he led was as a result of the oppressions and discriminations that African Americans were going through from the dominating whites. The Jim Crow laws existed and which segregated non-white communities in public services. The boycott lasted for a year leading to King’s arrest and his house bombing. However, he influenced the end of racial segregation on the buses and Jim Crow laws amendment in 1965. With other civil rights activists, Martin Luther founded the Southern Christian leadership conference in 1957. This group aimed at mobilizing the black churches against civil right abuse. Kings applied non violence techniques in his awareness a concept he borrowed from Mahatma Gandhi. In 1960s the American politics were dominated by civil right injustices. Kings therefore mobilized the society on right to vote, labor rights, civil rights and desegregation. He became so influential from public opinion sympathy. However, he was successful in influencing the civil rights act of 1964 and voting rights act 1965. In his fight against desegregation, King found himself in conflict with the law and in life threatening incidents. At one time he was stubbed on the chest by a woman because of his stance. In 1961 he was arrested and jailed along others in Albany movement. In 1963 along with SCLC he led the Birmingham campaigns that lasted for two months against all racial segregations and discriminatory laws. In these campaigns they confronted with the law enforcers and many were arrested. Children also took into the campaigns. Despite Kings Advocate for non-violent campaigns, at times pressure exceeded and violence was reported. These campaigns were significant in the Jim Crow laws removal and King’s reputation growth. He was also influential in the 1964 St Augustine and Selma Marches against white’s harassment. The 1963 March of Washington was very significant in the history of Martin Luther Kings as well as that of the United States. It attracted around half a million people from all racial backgrounds. It is at this place that he voiced his ‘I have a dream’ speech that influenced and still influences Americans even today. The march aimed at voicing freedom and equality in all sectors like in jobs. Along with other civil rights movements and activists, they voiced on poor wages, desegregations in public institutions like schools, protection of civil movements from police brutality, self government for Washington among others. There after, he continued with his activism expressing his stance on compensation of the disadvantaged and black Americans. He was involved in Bloody Sunday saga and influenced the Chicago marches that included the Belmont Cragin, Bogan, Gege Park, and Evergreen Park alongside others. He also opposed the Vietnam War terming the American government involvement as goal oriented and as the purveyor of the violence. â€Å"Beyond Vietnam† speech was very significant in his stance on Vietnam. He basically criticized the United States government involvement in to this war. All these pressures and influences he had against the American government made him very insecure. His life was endangered with instances of even physical assaults and life threats. All these led to his assassination in 1968 when in his civil duties. His death still remains a controversy as his enemies ranged from the government to individuals. His influence still remains even today. His is known to have influenced many prominent people including Jesse Jackson and Barrack Obama. His influence was also felt in the third world countries across Africa and Asia. (Bruns 1-143) The thoughts and the life of Martin Luther Kings Jr are very significant not only to the Americans but to the world at large. Many of the third world countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia have drawn their political dominance struggle from his teachings. By the year 1968 in his assassination, many African countries had acquired independence but elements of Europeans control still dominated their political and economic settings. They have applied king’s thoughts to seek fully their independence. In South Africa, prominent people against apartheid like Desmond Tutu, Nelson and Winnie Mandela, Alan Boesky have advocated kings thought in their struggle. The social divisions characterizing most nations in the world have brought discrimination of the lower classes. For instance the Rich discriminate the poor. The poor have continued struggling and in most cases they have used the kings’ non violence strategy for fear that the rich would overcome them in violence. (Roof 113-115) African American originally migrated in the United States as slaves. They were discriminated and oppressed in their places of work. Even after the abolishment of slavery, elements of oppression and discrimination were still rampant in American society. There was and have been the need to address this issue as the superiority nature of US depends on its entire people and not a particular race. Martin Luther was among the many people who have dedicated their lives to create a racism free society. He challenged the United States government which led to the abolishment of constitution based discriminative elements. It was upon his efforts that many other anti-segregation and civil rights have emerged. They have challenged consecutive government enhancing equality in race in the United States society. As a super power, United States have significantly influenced the global community against racism. It has influenced the united nation to act against racism in European world a place where racism is one of the major social issues. His influence is not only in black people but also in minority group in the world. Martin Luther King Jr is celebrated for he sowed the seeds of healing and hope in United States. His leadership was courageous, truthful, and compassionate of dignity and humility. He advocated for forgiveness, unconditional love and nonviolence element that most of the successful leader in the world today have adopted. His expression in the dream of America has in itself a lot to copy. He emphasized multiracial nation bound by justice, peace and reconciliation. His holiday is very significant in the American unity. There is not other day that brings all races together in a vibrant spirit of togetherness. The Hispanic, African Americans, Native Americans and all other immigrants feel they are part of the Luther’s dream on America. He had a vision on the world that its people and nations will overcome poverty, war, racism and violence. He had a vision on ecumenical solidarity which implied that all faiths have a significant contribution to the beloved society. His life and thoughts have also had an influence to many people in that his endurance in threats and beatings for the sake of the freedom for others. (Rev King Holiday) In education, he influenced sociology. He was an advocate of non violence reconciliation and unconditional love perspectives that can be applied in solving social conflicts. His emphasis on â€Å"what is the most loving way I can resolve this conflict? † in solving problem is the most diplomatic method that many nations have applied in solving their differences. He prompted love to all mankind. In his holiday Americans take that opportunity to help the unfortunate the sick and the poor in their society. His life is also significant to the Christianity way of life. It emphasized the love of God and the love for your neighbor as the greatest commandment. He was food of quoting the Bible and almost lived a perfect way. Jesus Himself died for the good of the people to set them free from their sins. Martin Luther’s died in the war for freedom of his people. He has influence many non-Christians to join the faith and also many Christians to imitate his strategies (The Struggle Begins) The election of Barrack Obama as the president of the United States is a reflection of Martin Luther King fight against racism in the US. It is an evidence of the extent the United States people have reached in race relation. It reflects Americans citizen’s decisions not on the color of the skin but on the content and characters of its leaders. Obama’s appointment can be described to be a fulfillment of King’s dream. He expressed his hopes in an equitable society and appealed to the moral consciousness of Americans. It is under this inspiration that the American voted in. Obama’s win was also on caution to those amongst the American who are still in racism ideologies. King’s influence will continue as such racist are now likely to reform making US a racism free society. (Zaid) Martin Luther king Jr was a young man who has influenced a lot of young men around the world. He worked tirelessly to fully realize his potential despite the challenges he came across. Unfortunately he was assassinated. His life has been a challenge to many youth who are vulnerable in loosing hope. His life is a testimony implying everybody can succeed in all areas in life. The ideology that the more one is aged the more successful is a thing of the past. Many youths have exploited their talents and have really succeeded under king’s inspiration. They are evident in sports, entertainment, politics, business and education. He emphasized on moral consciousness a concept that when adapted, one can refrain from civil disobedience reducing violation through drug abuse and other crimes. For any society to succeed in all dimensions of life, it must observe equality, be moral conscious, obey the civil rights, and use friendly strategy in solving conflicts. These were the king’s major advocacies. He is a significant icon in the United States success. Therefore, his strategies should be used all over the world in foreign and domestic polices. His thoughts and strategies can be effective in solving many conflicts around the world. Nation-nation conflicts may be resolved using a more friendly and diplomatic strategy. Domestic violence especially in African communities may be solved without violation of human rights and civil rights. Even as Kings influence continue to be felt all over, even as his dreams start fulfilling a lot need to be done to address the uncovered issues that still oppress the minority and the poor. He fought for civil movements and who should in turn continue challenging the violators of justice. Work cited: Roof, C. W.World Order and Religion: SUNY Press, 1991: 113 115 Bruns, R. Martin Luther King, Jr: A Biography: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006: 1 143 Rev King Holiday. Martin Luther king. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http://www. theholidayspot. com/martin_luther_king_day/meaning. htm Zaid, I. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Barack Obama, and the Fate of America. 2008. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http://www. newislamicdirections. com/nid/notes/dr_martin_luther_king_jr_barack _obama_and_the_fate_of_america/ The Struggle Begins. Lecture 25 Martin Luther Kings. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http://www. wfu. edu/~matthetl/perspectives/twentysix. html

Africa Essay -- essays research papers

Africa’s Resistance to the Portuguese The African history has been affected tremendously due to the influence of some European countries. Portugal, who probably had the greatest impact on the continent, was not shy in invading what they thought to be profitable circumstances. One of these areas that they profited from was the kingdom of Kongo. Kongo was a major Bantu-speaking kingdom astride the Congo River in west-central Africa, probably founded in the 14th century. It was governed by a king, the manikongo, whose economic power was based upon trade in ivory, hides, slaves, and a shell currency of western Africa. Within a few years after the Portuguese first encountered the kingdom in 1484, the sixth manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba, later Alfonso 1, converted to Christianity and extended di...

Where I Was From: An Exploration of Joan Didion’s Personal and Social Unrest

Where I Was From is a cultured collection of essays written in 2003. To be able to fully understand the intricate notions woven in the book, there is a need to comprehend the creator’s style and background, for the readers to visualize where all the viewpoints and misapprehensions come from. Joan Didion, the creator behind this politically, socially and emotionally linked memoir is a renowned American journalist, essayist, and novelist. Much of her works relates to her life in California, her hometown, mostly during the 1960’s. She is commended for her style in writing mixed personal reflections and social analyses. She writes about paranoia, clear-eyed analyses of the American culture, and personal and social discontent. She was known to be a conservative writer during her early years, but later adapted to the liberal tenets of democracy. She had written five novles, eight nonfiction including Where I come From, and also had collaborations with her husband, John Gregory Dunne, in writing a number of screenplays (Encyclopedia of World Biography on Joan Didion, n. . , p. 1). Where I Was From centers about the history of California, and Joan Didion’s relationship to it and to her mother. Noticeably, she loves the use of commas and lengthy sentences to highlight her narration. Her tune seems melancholic, expressing her confusions about the place, and the way in which she grew up. She feels that there is a sense of perplexity on which she has become. Thus, she contemplated on the American frontier myth, which refers to the unresolved land outside the region of existing settlements of Americans. The American Frontier is a ‘mythical place’ where unrestrained free land was available, resulting to unlimited opportunity (Eidenbach, 2008, p. 99). Where I Was From 3 She also pinpointed the ferocity of a group of popular white high school men, referred to as the Spur Posse incident of 1993. They used a ‘point-system’ record to account for their sexual conquests (Fineman, 1997, p. 177). In addition, when the industry about aircrafts and defense weaponries during the World War II flourished, the people from Lakewood, Califfornia, did as well. Later on, it turned out that the industry was built with the Feds support. Dismally, when that support was withdrawn, the industry doomed. These facts are just some of the historical context implicated in the book (Godbersen, 2003, p. 1). Based on my understanding, Joan Didion uses this as a metaphor in comparison with her life, and generally the rustic myth of California’s origins. What is seen and observed literally does not depict the real circumstances being dealt upon. The veneer of life’s misapprehensions cannot be uncovered by the present analysis itself, for circumstances are intertwined and indeed perplexing to the mind. She compares it with her life, believing she had known herself and her history for so long, only to find out that her viewpoints are inadequate to portray the truth. Joan Didion’s work is so complex in it entirety, it was rich with personal experiences and historical context throughout each essay. Some facts were even misleading to the querying mind. Nevertheless, they are still all intertwined with each other, somehow. It is difficult to summarize such an intricate work, but she retaliates to her readers with an overall realization, that is, the culture that we see today is a direct consequence of a population of survivalists. References Eidenbach, K. (2008). Critical Legal Studies and the Lawless Frontier. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from: http://www.thecritui.com/articles/kirstin.pdf Encyclopedia of World Biography on Joan Didion. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2008, from:Â  http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joan-didion/ Fineman, M., & McCluskey, M. (October 1, 1997). Feminism, Media, and the Law. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from: http://books. google.com/books?id=H2hRAVkc0nMC&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=spur+posse+incident&source=bl&ots=gWgOvMmeXq&sig=SSExAlIv4BXGJjruegEXXG-uRkI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA177,M1 Godbersen, A. (October 15, 2003). California story. Retrieved November 4, 2008, from: http://www.powells.com/review/2003_10_15.html

Solving the Water Problem with the Help of LifeStraws

The risk of drinking contaminated or unsafe water is high for people who do not have the means of providing themselves and their families the privilege of safe and clean water. Water-borne diseases that affect these vulnerable groups include cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and Brainerd diarrhea (Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, 2005). Vulnerable groups have not been clearly identified as even those with the money and those with access to safe water are being affected by these diseases but, it is rational to point out that those without proper systems or access to safe drinking water such as the poor in the developing countries are at higher risk for the abovementioned diseases. It is the desire and advocacy of the governments all over the world and the United Nations to pursue their efforts of â€Å"halving the number of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015† (UN Department of Public Information, 2005). It is with these great hopes that the said actors have launched the â€Å"Water for Life† decade last March 22, 2005 in sync with the World Water Day (UN Department of Public Information, 2005). In line with all these abovementioned problem and advocacy, it is but timely that the concept of LifeStraw ® has been developed and are now in being utilized for use in places where access to safe water remains to be a big problem. LifeStraw ® is a â€Å"complimentary point-of-use water filters†¦ that will help people obtain safe drinking water at home and outside† (â€Å"LifeStraw ® at a glance†). Its main purpose is to be a tool that will act as a filter for unsafe drinking water making it fit for consumption and reduces the risk of water-borne diseases for the people. However, a piece of LifeStraw ® comes with a price as there are materials and labor which has to be compensated for its production. It is a cost that is needed to continue the production of such and would have to be considered by people using it and those who are advocating for clean water. It would be confiscatory in nature to require the maker of LifeStraw ® to continuously produce the said product without being paid. The cost for the production of such was pegged at $3—a cost that would be way below the benefits it could bring. Being equipped with the knowledge of business ethics and being socially-aware and socially-responsible students and individuals, we would like to personally make our contributions in the purchase and distribution of such LifeStraw ® for the poor and the vulnerable. The life of a LifeStraw ® would last up to three years and this would already make a big difference in the lives of those who would be given the chance to own one. We plan to purchase 200 pieces of LifeStraw ® to be distributed to individuals and families. The organizations and agencies concerned would first have to be identified so as to organize the solicitation that would have to be released by our group. Groups would be identified in consideration of their financial capability and the interest they would have to express on this charity work they would be involved in. After the groups have been identified, their contact numbers would have to be obtained through websites and public dictionaries and this would be used to ask them to receive the letter we have for them as well as the contact person. Letter would be sent out after confirmation from the agencies that they are interested in such endeavor. A formal letter is ready for mailing and the interested agencies would be briefed about the advantages the LifeStraw ® will bring to the families and the good intention that our group has in engaging in such endeavor. Further information dissemination or information drive through the use of media or the least costly means would have to be employed such as website postings. It is expected that with the information campaign, the organizations would be able to access the necessary information for the intentions of our group and further linkages be established. Trust should also be established by providing personal networks and contact persons in each organization and would be highly appreciated by the group. With the money collected, the group will purchase 200 pieces of LifeStraw ® for distribution to the most vulnerable groups. This will be identified in cooperation with certain groups. It is also the plan of the group, as feasible, to ask for a thank you note from the families who have been blessed with the opportunity of owning a LifeStraw ® that will be sent to the organizations who have helped us and to acknowledge the effort they have exerted on giving these families and individuals a better living condition. Otherwise, a simple thank you note would have to be given from the group stating our utmost gratitude for the given assistance. The problem of unsafe drinking water would be ameliorated by the abovementioned steps that our group would like to take. However, it is still with much concern that someone or other individuals and groups would continuously exert the initiative to make the advocacy a continuous one until the targets of the governments and the UN would be reached. Further collaboration with other organizations would have to be considered as the State is a good vehicle for continuing and providing social welfare services in cooperation with private entities and the civil society. References Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. (2005). Preventing bacterial waterborne diseases. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/waterbornediseases_t.htm. LifeStraw ® at a glance. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/lifestraw.htm. UN Department of Public Information. (2005). Access to safe water priority as UN marks beginning of international decade. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/envdev829.doc.htm.

Review Article Example

Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Circadian Clock Mutants in Arabidopsis Various aspects of plant development and metabolism are regulated by the circadian clock. Since clock mutations in some species mainly influence a number of rhythmic markers in parallel, it means that a lone oscillator can manage several outputs. In a bid to identify mutant seedlings with abnormal cycling patterns, the study used the rotating bioluminescence of  Arabidopsis plants  bearing a firefly  luciferase  combination construct with the initial peak of luminescence sequence varying from the wild types’ (Millar et.al, 1995).The period and frequency have isolated the genes that influence circadian rhythmicity. Allelic chains at each locus are; long- and short-period alleles, whereas the null alleles, are mostly arrhythmic. Despite the lack of the lack of palpable homology of phase or rate of recurrence series to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, identification of genes needed for oscillator purpose can still be done using genet ic screens for period mutants. They used a preset video imaging system to observe leaf movements and the transgenic parent line in tocl plants. The recovered Mutants with both long- and short time, partially dominant short-period mutation drawn, and timed of CAB expression (toc1), into  chromosome. According to Millar, the phase of entrainment, amplitude of cycling, and earlier luminescence levels were not extensively changed in the mutant. The tocl individuals grown in light or dark were similar to the parent transgenic. Separation of tocl from the transgene showed that the mutation was not dependent on the correspondent gene.The results concluded that the toc1 mutation condense the movements of primary leaves, the manifestation of  chlorophyll a/b-binding  protein (CAB) genes and the phase of two separate  circadian rhythms, although toc1 mutants do not express wide-ranging pleiotropy for other phenotypes.1. How does light affect tocl seedlings compared to wild type?2. Do es the tocl mutation express any variance in their phenotypes? Explain.Work citedMillar, AJ, AI Carre, CA Strayer, NH Chua, and SA Kay. "Circadian clock mutants in Arabidopsis identified by... [Science. 1995] - PubMed - NCBI."National Center for Biotechnology Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Article Review This article basically entails an exploration into the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms. The basic exploration was to provide evidence of the regulation of core body temperature’s circadian rhythms to that of the normal cycle of sleep and wake. The researchers hypothesized that night-time melatonin secretion may be concerned in the regularization of the human BTc circadian rhythm. Since, Pineal melatonin discharge takes place contemporaneously during the nocturnal hours and is interceded by the commencement of beta-adrenoceptors cells during night. The research was conducted by performing experiments with a sample of 12 women, usually boarded to light and dark cycle for two days. It was concluded that the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms were inversely linked to that of melatonin. The established hypothermic attributes of melatonin are responsible for the propagation of at least forty percent of the circadian BTc rhythm’s a mplitude. Exploitation of melatonin levels may thus provide an opportunity for clinical resynchronization of the BTc rhythm under circumstances when BTc rhythms are desynchronized either due to jet-lag or night-shift work (Cagnaccit, Elliotti and Yen 447). The title was sufficiently descriptive as the article entailed causal study between the quoted variables. The study was intended to explore the relationship between the melatonin secretion and the circadian rhythms of the core body temperature. The subject was important as due to the rapid industrialization, humans are obliged to work in the night shifts to attain maximum number of outputs. While the night-time work may lead to the creation of dissociation within the human circadian rhythms and it may also alter or change the phase relationship existing between the endogenous rhythms and environmental time. So the study provides a relationship between the melatonin levels and the core body temperature’s circadian rhythms th at can be utilized in bringing harmony in cases of desynchronized BTc rhythms either due to night shift job or jet-lag.Questions1. Whether the sleep and melatonin secretion collectively related to the excessive hypothermic effect?2. Whether sleep deprivation leads to the reduction in the amplitude of circadian rhythms of the BTc? Cagnaccit, A., Elliotti, J. A. and Yen, S. S. C. Melatonin: A Major Regulator of the Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature in Humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75.2 [1992]: 447-452. Print. Review Article Example Review Article – Article Example Review of article "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus The article in review "The Clock the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus describes the pacemaker role of suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mammalian circadian system thus the title correctly points out to the subject of the paper. The purpose of this experiment was to understand the biological clock found in most mammals. This clock is found in the SCN which is the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus part of the brain. The work is based on experiments done on hamsters whose T mutationprovided the chance to test the role of the SCN as pacemaker. There were several reasons to undergo this experiment such as various evidences that led to this view. For example what the SCN is the target of and what it is required for, the fact that tissue explants that consist of the SCN keep on expressing circadian rhythms in electrical activity (Sanger et al, 5463) This work is important because it is the this activity that regulate s the body processes such as body temperature, hormone system and their production as well as its effect on drug abuse and sexual orientation in humans. With this study the scientists used transplants of the SCN in animals whose own nucleus was absent. The results showed that the rhythms matched the period of the donor and not the genotype of the host. So it was proven that the circadian rhythm is determined by the SCN regardless of where the cells came from meaning that the clock does exist in mammals. REFERENCESRalph, Martin R., et al. "Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period."  Science  247.4945 (1990): 975-978.Sanger, Frederick, Steven Nicklen, and Alan R. Coulson. "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors."  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  74.12 (1977): 5463-5467.

Rise of the American Political Parties essays

Rise of the American Political Parties essays There have always been irrational views of our nation from the people. Some believed if you desire a strong federal government, youll need to address the key factors; ease any national problems, establish a plan to activate industrialization and infrastructure, and develop a commercial economy which would help strengthen the government and its power. These factors were believed to be the sole of the problem, which led to relentless disagreements among Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Both were members of Washingtons Presidential Cabinet, and soon after working together, these two men went separate ways because of their disagreements. They both soon gained national attention and support from publicly addressing their different views about the issues or concerns within our nation. Another issue that arose in the conflict was the refusal of Washington coming to Frances aid during the French Revolution and how did this affect his goal of national attention and support when public izing his Farewell Address? These were a few of the many actions that created tensions over disagreements that soon led to the dividing of the parties in our country. The growth of political parties had arisen in the early American Republic because of antagonistic views on the arrangement of a national government and its power, plus the arrangement of national policies under our new nation. The views between political successors were diverse when addressing their intentions to try to make our nation better. Tension between common people soon arose too, which was inspired by the conflict that started between prominent leaders over opposing views on issues within the nation. In Documents 1, 2, s views on Hamilton and Hamiltons views on Jefferson, and also the key differences between the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton briefly address their views for...

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare

Environment and Animal Rights - Contrast and Compare Updated and Edited by  Michelle A. Rivera,  Animal Rights Expert for About.com  May 16, 2016 The environmental movement and the animal rights movement often have similar goals, but the philosophies are different and sometimes cause the two camps to oppose each other. The Environmental Movement The goal of the environmental movement is protect the environment and use resources in a sustainable manner. Campaigns are based on the big picture - whether a practice can continue without harming the balance of the ecosystem. The environment is important as it affects human health, but the environment is also, in itself, worth protecting. Popular environmental campaigns include protecting the Amazon rainforest from deforestation, protecting endangered species, reducing pollution, and fighting climate change. The Animal Rights Movement The goal of the animal rights movement is for animals to be free of human use and exploitation. Animal rights is based on a recognition that non-human animals are sentient and therefore have their own rights and interests. While some activists work on single issue campaigns such as fur, meat, or circuses; the broader goal is a vegan world where all animal use and exploitation is eliminated. Similarities Between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Both movements recognize we must protect the environment. Both oppose unsustainable practices, and both seek to protect wildlife from habitat loss, pollution and climate change. These threats affect not only whole ecosystems but individual animals who will suffer and die if we continue to ignore environmental issues. We also often see environmental and animal rights groups taking the same position on an issue for different reasons. While animal rights groups oppose eating meat because it infringes on the rights of the animals, some environmental groups oppose meat eating because of the environmental devastation of animal agriculture. The Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club has a Biodiversity/Vegetarian Outreach Committee, and calls meat a Hummer on a Plate. Both movements also work to protect endangered animal species. Animal rights activists work to protect spotted owls because they are sentient beings, while environmentalists want to see individual spotted owls protected because the individuals are important for the survival of the species; and that species is important in the web of life. Differences between the Environmental and Animal Rights Movements Most animal rights activists also try to protect the environment, but if there is a conflict between environmental protection and the lives of individual animals, animal rights activists will choose to protect the animals because the animals are sentient and the rights of the individuals cannot be infringed to protect trees or a collective group. Also, environmentalists may not object if an activity kills or threatens individual animals without threatening the species or ecosystem as a whole. For example, some environmentalists do not oppose hunting or may even support hunting if they believe that hunting will not threaten the survival of the species. The rights and interests of individual animals are not a concern to some environmentalists. However, hunting cannot be considered acceptable to animal rights advocates because killing an animal, whether it is for food or trophies, infringes on the rights of the animal. This applies whether or not the species is endangered or threatened. To an animal rights activist, the life of a single animal matters. Similarly, environmentalists often talk about conservation, which is the sustainable use of a resource. Hunters also use the word conservation as a euphemism for hunting. To animal rights advocates, animals should not be considered a resource. This difference in philosophies causes People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals to refer to the World Wildlife Fund as the Wicked Wildlife Fund. WWF is not an animal rights group, but works to conserve nature. According to PETA, WWF has demanded more animal testing of genetically modified organisms before they are approved for human consumption. To WWF, the potential threat of GMOs to the environment and to human health outweighs the lives of animals who are used for GMO safety testing. Animal rights advocates believe that we cannot exploit animals in laboratories by conducting GMO testing, or in any other testing, regardless of the possible benefits. According to PETA, WWF also does not oppose the killing of seals for fur, since they do not believe that the practice threatens the survival of the seal population. Wildlife While the deaths of individual animals are not usually considered an environmental issue, environmental groups do sometimes get involved in non-endangered wildlife issues. For example, some environmental groups work to protect all whale species, even though some whale species - such as minke whales and Brydes whales - are not endangered. The protection of large, iconic animals like whales, panda bears and elephants will probably always be championed by some environmental groups regardless of their survival status due to the popularity of these animals, which gives them a high profile.

Social Security Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Security Reform - Essay Example This discussion briefly explains how Social Security is collected and distributed, how it affects different segments of society and why the fund is shrinking. It then examines the Bush administration’s proposed solution to the problem and debates the merits of this plan designed to privatize Social Security. The Social Security system operates by collecting taxpayer money and redistributing it to selected persons in need. Employees pay about six percent of their salary into Social Security and their employer contributes a matching amount. The fund earns interest by investing in U.S. Treasury bonds then pays retirees who have paid into the fund as employees. It also pays to the spouses of deceased retirees and to disabled persons of working age. Half of the nation’s elderly would live below the poverty line if not for the benefits paid by Social Security as opposed to the ten percent presently in poverty. Today, nearly 60 percent of retirees acquire more than half of their income from Social Security. For a third of recipients, benefits account for 90 percent of their total income. Today, Social Security is taking in slightly more money than it is paying out but, according to government estimates, the reverse will be true â€Å"within the next fifteen to twenty years† (Johnson, 2006) but will still be capable of paying full benefits until about 2042. The Social Security Administration estimates that the funding balance will tip by 2028 and steadily decline until the fund is exhausted in 2042 at which time it will retain the interest paid from the Treasury bonds and when that is depleted these bonds are sold back to the government to replenish the fund. An insufficient Social Security fund translates to reduced benefits. If the current system is not changed, full benefits would be paid through 2042 then decreased by at least 25 percent from then until 2078 and cut again after that. This looming deficit could be offset if

Positive Accounting Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Accounting Theory - Research Paper Example The predictions of real world situations help small businesses in choosing the appropriate accounting policies that would help them in advancing. The predictions of positive accounting theory with regards to the real world situation go a long way in assisting firms to react positively to new standards of accounting introduced by the legal bodies. Moreover, the overall objective of the positive accounting theory is to enable firms to predict and understand their accounting policies choices. The theory also puts into consideration, the economic consequences of the policies on the firms and the economy in general. Positive Accounting Theory Small businesses organize their operations in an efficient manner using the positive accounting theory, which helps firms in maximizing economic opportunities for growth and survival in the business world. Due to the need for business operations efficiency, firms will need to minimize contract related costs. Ordinarily, contract related costs include negotiation costs, monitoring and renegotiation costs with regards to accounting variables in terms of financial ratios and net income accounting information. Minimization of contract related costs fully relies on the mandate of a firm in choosing the most appropriate accounting policies with regards to its operations. ... environment, appropriate accounting policies and contract related costs minimization may be comprised by the opportunistic interests of the company’s management. Political cost hypothesis The political environment is proved to interfere in business operations in many cases, thus affecting managerial decisions with regards to accounting policies. The more a company faces political costs, the greater the chances that managers of a particular firm will choose accounting policies that alter current reported earnings to future expected earnings. This is mainly because current reported earnings that depict high levels of profits will certainly lead to political interferences that may influence incorporation of new government regulations and tax charges. These interferences are relevant to both small and large businesses though growth and stability of small businesses may be greatly hampered as compared to large entities that are stable. Small Businesses Positive accounting theory ap plications help managers in spearheading growth and development of small businesses, which play an important role of creating employment and growth of Gross Domestic Product. Governments such as the United Kingdom federal government have enacted policies and programs that assist small businesses to develop. Strategies have been outlined by governments of developing countries and trade organizations to facilitate growth of small businesses. Banks have also played a big role in growth and development of enterprises through loans and involvement in policy formulation and innovations. Moreover, best accounting policies that have been practically efficient in spearheading corporate development have been implemented. The existing variations in different economies directly impact on the differences

Special Education Individualized Education Program Research Paper

Special Education Individualized Education Program - Research Paper Example In outlining those components, it is important to also include additional IEP considerations relevant to student academic and behavioral performance in school communities. Parent participation is necessary-send written invitation to parents at least three times per certified mail. If parents cannot attend meeting, conduct a phone conference and include that information on the IEP. Send parents a copy of the completed IEP via certified mail and indicate date mailed (within three days of the meeting) and IEP case manager initials sending the IEP) The practice within the educational community of labeling children is tied to funding. When a child falls into a disability category, such as learning disabled (LD), the district, and the school the child attends, is given funding to offset the extra costs of educating that child. Because children with learning disabilities are capable of functioning at grade level with assistance outside normal teaching parameters, having your child labeled as LD means he or she gets extra help. This falls squarely on the pro side of labeling. If your child has a language processing disorder and so has difficulty reading, writing and spelling, he or she may be able to participate in language classes with four or five other students, one teacher, and an aide. This individualized attention will help your child succeed. The down side to this is he or she will be pulled from his regular class during that time. This means all the other students know he is special ed. If there is low tolerance for students outside the norm in your childs particular school, this may prove to be socially damaging. Due to the rising number of children diagnosed with learning disabilities, however, this is becoming less of a problem. More schools are incorporating LD methodologies into the mainstream classroom to accommodate these labeled children, primarily

(Aviation) Safety Areas at the Airport Research Paper

(Aviation) Safety Areas at the Airport - Research Paper Example According to Hardway (1991), airport security entails systems and techniques that the authority uses in order to provide protection to individuals as well as their cargo. The passengers, aircraft and staff that use the airports need to be protected from any form of harm, fear and transgression. Ashford, et.al (2011) states that since so many people use the airport on daily basis, this makes them to be key targets for terrorism and any other form of crime since large numbers of people are assembled in a particular location. Likewise, more people found on large airliners are exposed to death attacks on the aircraft if no proper security measures are put in place. This is because terrorists are able to us hijacked airplanes as an imaginative weapon in order to aim passengers on board (Edwards, 2004). The management of the airport normally tries to use all means possible to prevent all forms of threat from occurring or being realized in the country (Edwards, 2004). If the airport security manages to prevent any harm, then any chance of illegal items, threats and any form of fateful situation incoming into both the airport, country and the aircraft are significantly reduced. From the above, it is clear that the airport security has the all rights to defend the country and airport as well as users from any harmful activity. By so doing, it assures the security of travelling passengers and lastly guards the country and its citizens. The airport authority must be informed and hence protect crucial areas that are vital for security of its passengers and their cargo (Dixon, 2009). This research paper is about safety areas at the airport. It clearly highlights several safety areas at the airports and measures being outlined in order to curb any form of attack to passengers, their goods as well airport operators. At the airport,

The history of the number zero Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of the number zero - Research Paper Example For instance, the numbers 2011 and 211 represent two different numbers and have completely different sense. Secondly, zero is used in its form as a number itself i.e. 0. Both the above mentioned uses of zero have been exceedingly important. Yet, the two above described uses of zero cannot report historical evidence of creation of zero. It would not have been so easy for the term and idea behind the invention of the number to be widely accepted and used. The number and term zero has not been spontaneously derived concept. It took a huge period to develop the concept and use of zero as a name and a symbol (O'Connor and Robertson, 2000). Zero as a number, symbol and a concept has been indeed important and is known possibly worldwide for its significant usage. The recognition, apprehension and functioning of zero has been the fundamental of the world now that today, zero fulfils a key role in mathematics as the real numbers, additive identity of the integers, and a lot of other algebraic structures. In addition, the concept of zero can be employed in calculus, accounting, finance, statistics, computers, and particularly in today's connected world. The development of zero from being merely a placeholder to the driver of calculus has crossed centuries, and involved diverse and extensively great cognitive thinking, both in extent and scope globally (Kaplan and Seife, 2002). As a concept, zero indicates ‘nothing’ or ‘naught’. â€Å"How can nothing be something?† is a question that ancient Greeks asked themselves. Records have shown that they seemed to be uncertain about the interpretation of zero as a number. The creation and status of zero has led to philosophical and religious arguments by Middle-ages (Bourbaki, 1998). As a matter of fact, today’s Arabic number system has originated in India, but is comparatively newly developed. From the beginning, people have been labeling amounts and measures with a variety of figures and sy mbols throughout centuries, while facing difficulties in performing most elementary arithmetic computations with those number systems. A counting system had been first developed by the Sumerians as they wanted to mark and keep the accounts of the quantities of their goods such as cattle, horses, and donkeys. The drawback regarding the Sumerian system was that the system was positional which means that the positioning of a specific symbol as compared to others denoted its value. Around 2500 BC, Akkadians handed down The Sumerian system and in 2000 BC, the same was done by the Babylonians. The evolution of zero seems to have initiated from the Babylonians which has crossed may centuries and was very different from the symbol know to us today. Babylonians were the first to ideate a mark to to make it realized that a number had been missing from a column. For instance, 0 in the number 2011 expresses that there are no hundreds in that number. By that time zero did not have any symbol to denote the space. Although Ancient Greeks have brought many famous mathematicians who learned the basic principles of their mathematics from the Egyptians and they had a number system, but that system lacked a placeholder like the one of Babylonians so they could not suggest a name to indicate that empty space. They might have contemplated the name to denote that place between numbers, but there is no such evidence to draw conclusion that the symbol even

Interpersonal Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interpersonal Conflict - Essay Example This could be because of a person’s outstanding services, contacts with influential people, cultural beliefs, and practices or welfare activities for the society in which he leaves. When a person reaches such a status, he feels he is above those around him and seeks to implement protocols and securities. The fourth reason is the personality. It is the inherited or God gifted abilities, physique or outstanding achievements in the field of art or science. You are recognized and known for achievements not only locally but also nationally as well as internationally. You become renowned and with that comes wealth, authority, prestige, and fan following. The fifth reason is the intimacy. It is the love and affection and the feeling of nearness that continues to expand until it reaches oneness. When intimacy reaches oneness, it creates immense fulfillment and accomplishment. You feel you have conquered the world. Let us discuss three separate conflict situations and see how it has be en handled by the interacting personalities. The first conflict situation is the most unforgettable incident of 9/11. This is the example of â€Å"abundant resources of one country and ultra scarce resources of the other country†. On one side it was The United States of America, who had a tremendous amount of resources in the form of military equipment, army, air and sea forces, strategic power and democratically elected effective government and on the other side, it was Pakistan a small, poor, under developed and militarily ruled country.... When a person reaches such a status, he feels he is above those around him and seeks to implement protocols and securities. Fourth reason is the personality. It is the inherited or God gifted abilities, physique or outstanding achievements in the field of art or science. You are recognized and known for your achievements not only locally but also nationally as well as internationally. You become renowned and with that comes wealth, authority, prestige and fan following. Fifth reason is the intimacy. It is the love and affection and the feeling of nearness that continues to expand until it reaches oneness. When intimacy reaches oneness, it creates immense fulfillment and accomplishment. You feel you have conquered the world. Let us discuss three separate conflict situations and see how it has been handled by the interacting personalities. The first conflict situation is the most unforgettable incident of 9/11. This is the example of â€Å"abundant resources of one country and ultra s carce resources of the other country†. On one side it was The United States of America, who had tremendous amount of resources in the form of military equipments, army, air and sea forces, strategic power and democratically elected effective government and on the other side it was Pakistan a small, ultra poor, under developed and militarily ruled country. USA raged a global war against the terror and blamed that the attack of 9/11 in New York, was planned by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Pakistan was asked by USA to support the war on terror or face the consequences. Pakistan government had no choice due to military supremacy of US. Pakistan managed this conflict by â€Å"accommodation† and â€Å"collaboration†. The consequences of this

The history of the number zero Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of the number zero - Research Paper Example For instance, the numbers 2011 and 211 represent two different numbers and have completely different sense. Secondly, zero is used in its form as a number itself i.e. 0. Both the above mentioned uses of zero have been exceedingly important. Yet, the two above described uses of zero cannot report historical evidence of creation of zero. It would not have been so easy for the term and idea behind the invention of the number to be widely accepted and used. The number and term zero has not been spontaneously derived concept. It took a huge period to develop the concept and use of zero as a name and a symbol (O'Connor and Robertson, 2000). Zero as a number, symbol and a concept has been indeed important and is known possibly worldwide for its significant usage. The recognition, apprehension and functioning of zero has been the fundamental of the world now that today, zero fulfils a key role in mathematics as the real numbers, additive identity of the integers, and a lot of other algebraic structures. In addition, the concept of zero can be employed in calculus, accounting, finance, statistics, computers, and particularly in today's connected world. The development of zero from being merely a placeholder to the driver of calculus has crossed centuries, and involved diverse and extensively great cognitive thinking, both in extent and scope globally (Kaplan and Seife, 2002). As a concept, zero indicates ‘nothing’ or ‘naught’. â€Å"How can nothing be something?† is a question that ancient Greeks asked themselves. Records have shown that they seemed to be uncertain about the interpretation of zero as a number. The creation and status of zero has led to philosophical and religious arguments by Middle-ages (Bourbaki, 1998). As a matter of fact, today’s Arabic number system has originated in India, but is comparatively newly developed. From the beginning, people have been labeling amounts and measures with a variety of figures and sy mbols throughout centuries, while facing difficulties in performing most elementary arithmetic computations with those number systems. A counting system had been first developed by the Sumerians as they wanted to mark and keep the accounts of the quantities of their goods such as cattle, horses, and donkeys. The drawback regarding the Sumerian system was that the system was positional which means that the positioning of a specific symbol as compared to others denoted its value. Around 2500 BC, Akkadians handed down The Sumerian system and in 2000 BC, the same was done by the Babylonians. The evolution of zero seems to have initiated from the Babylonians which has crossed may centuries and was very different from the symbol know to us today. Babylonians were the first to ideate a mark to to make it realized that a number had been missing from a column. For instance, 0 in the number 2011 expresses that there are no hundreds in that number. By that time zero did not have any symbol to denote the space. Although Ancient Greeks have brought many famous mathematicians who learned the basic principles of their mathematics from the Egyptians and they had a number system, but that system lacked a placeholder like the one of Babylonians so they could not suggest a name to indicate that empty space. They might have contemplated the name to denote that place between numbers, but there is no such evidence to draw conclusion that the symbol even

Goals for Creating the New City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Goals for Creating the New City - Essay Example Since it is a new city, it has not yet had universities constructed. Since it is aimed to be a center for academic achievement, it has plans for the construction of institutions of higher learning. Many people have been attracted to the city. This is due to its fame of having a high rate of civic involvement. There is a lively democratic process within the city. This makes it attract people from different parts of California and from other parts of the globe. Residents are not only involved in politics, but issues including crime prevention, disaster readiness, and lack teamwork remain to its main challenges. Nonetheless, the city has remained the attractive place for people from all over the globe. The city is less good as Berkeley. This is because we have several colleges in Berkeley. The Vista Community College and the University of California are built in Berkeley. This makes Berkeley a better place for higher education than in the city (Wilson et al. 23). Nonetheless, the city i s similar to Berkeley; the only difference is the college and the university. However, there is no big difference of Berkeley from the city; education is highly valued in both cities. Democracy and security are considered basic for the residents. People within the cities are committed to the establishment of one economic center with the justified distribution of resources. The two cities are looking forward to working together to build their economy by becoming economic partners. Since the two cities are neighbors, they can be good business partners. Transportation of commodities from one city to the other would be efficient. Since the two cities have greatly invested in security, the establishment of security within the border would be ensured. Both the cities would work together to achieve improved security in their borders and within the cities.  

Speech of Distinctively Visual Essay Example for Free

Speech of Distinctively Visual Essay Hi everyone Today, I would like to show you how distinctively visual elements in my chosen text such as: gesture, composition, emotion expression, color and lightning†¦ can be used by the composer to affect an audience’s response to these themes- Suffering Poverty Love The distinctively visual text I have chosen is one in a series of photographs of Agent Orange victims after the Vietnam War. This photograph was taken by an anonymous photographer which shows an Agent Orange affected child being bath by his mother. The photographer had purposely taken this photograph to illustrate lives of people who have got the affection of Agent Orange. The photographer has skillfully captured the emotional expression in the photo, and effectively used the color and lightning to suggest how much they must have suffered from Agent Orange. The photo is mainly in black and grey. These are colors of darkness and sadness to indicate their suffering present and future life. Lightning is also effectively used as light is focused on the mother and her child who draw the attention of the audiences. Most importantly, the photographer has captured the images of the frowning mother, the crying son which has leave strong impression to the audiences and make them aware of their suffer. These victims are not only suffering from Agent Orange but they also live in poverty. Through the composition in the photo, the poverty these people are living in has been successfully illustrated. In this photo, at the front of the house, where everything is exposed, the mother bathed her son in a basin and with only an old, big bucket to fill water. The house behind them is old, broken and rundown. Everything has shown a life of deprivation and misery. Those are completely what happen in their daily life and are not purposely arranged. This fact has help make the audiences understand and create the feelings of sympathy towards them. Even though their life is in poverty and full of suffer, they still love each other as a family. It is proven by their gesture in the photo. The mother uses her gentle hands to bath and also to embrace and comfort her son, who is crying in pain. By looking at this image, we can see how the mother love towards her son can help her overcome all of the obstacles in life, which will deeply move the audiences. It is clear that my text is contain harsh images about the consequences of Agent Orange though enlightening how much its victims suffered, their life in poverty as well as their love towards each other. The photographer’s use of distinctively visual textual elements has helped him successfully convey his ideas to the audiences.

Benefits for consumers in an oligopoly market

Benefits for consumers in an oligopoly market This essay wills analysis the both advantages and disadvantages for consumers in this oligopoly market structure. Non-price competition and rigidity price are two main advantages for consumer, however, collusion make the loss of interests of consumer. An oligopolistic market can be defined as one market structure which has a few firms connected with each other to control the price and supply of market (Anderton, 2008). Compare with the characteristic of oligopoly, the UK supermarket industry are oligopolistic market. The most important factor is that the supermarket in UK have been dominated by four firms, which are Morrisons, Asda, Sainsburys and Tesco (SKYNEWS, 2009), they controlled approximately 75% grocery sales in UK ( natural choices, 2008). Therefore, the price of market is also controlled by them. In addition, these four firms brought more land in order to raise the barriers to entry (Daily Mail, 2007). Furthermore, firms would like to use the marketing mix to sell their pro duct at right place, using a reasonable price and useful promotion. For instance, these four supermarkets will spend more money on advertising every year (telegraph, 2009). Finally, collusion is a common situation in oligopolistic markets, such as, price collusion in supermarkets in UK (Mail online, 2008). Non-price competition is a marketing strategy of supplier to earning more profit. As market will make a decision depend on marketing mix, which include product, place, price, and promotion, consumer will get profit from this strategy (Anderton, 2008). Product is the main factor should be considered, it is homogenous in general. Businesses should determine the people who use their product firstly (Hall, 2009). For instance, if they sell toys, they will use bright colors or cartoon characters to attract childrens attention. In addition, owing to the improving technology, product innovation will increase in order to meet peoples needs. Therefore, market research will avoid businesses make mistake. At the same time, they also can know what kind of product consumers will buys. Another benefit for consumer is the pricing strategy, price has been made depending on the quality of product (Marketing teacher, 2008). Therefore, consumer do not have to worry about the value of product over the quality, they will buy product in a fair market. According to news from mail online, Aldi and Lidl beat the big four due to the cheaper price. As a consequence, these two stores win the consumers trust, 61 per sent much higher than Tesco and Asda which just less than 50 per sent (Mail Online, 2010). From this research, it is easy to see that price is a extremely import factor to businesses and consumers. In spite of these two factors, place is also the important item. As we can see from the table on the below, with the increasing number of stores have opened, peoples life has become more convenient (Solar navigator, 2005). If consumers are used to buy a brand, they will not change their mind arbitrarily. Therefore, consumer will go to the same store at different place. It will make them assured. Furthermore, online shopping is also become a hot topic for people, they can shop at home, it not only left their time, but also saving traffic expenses. Moreover, 24 hours store also provide convenience for consumers. Format Number Area (ft ²) Area (m ²) Percentage of space Tesco Extra 100 6.6 million 613,000 27.2% Tesco 446 13.9 million 1,290,000 57.4% Tesco Metro 160 1.9 million 180,000 7.8% Tesco Express 546 1.1 million 102,000 4.5% One Stop 527 0.7 million 65,000 3.1% Total 1,779 24.2 million 2,250,000 100% Finally, promotion is the way businesses show their product to consumer. During this process, businesses will combine the features of product to choose a suitable promotional method. Businesses can use advertising slogan or show their products feature in order to draw peoples attention. Consequently, consumer can choose a brand of product which they prefer. Meanwhile, consumer will know more information about the product. Moreover, consumer also can earn profit due to the rigidity price. Based on the kinked demand cure on the below, assume A is the market price, if one firm rise their price, other firms will not follow (S-cool, 2000). Therefore, consumers would like to buy cheaper one of same product. Above the point A is the price elastic, which means businesses will loss profit if they improve their price. On the other hand, if one firm decreases the price, others will relatively drop down at the same time. However, cutting price when demand is inelastic, which also make the revenue falling. As a result, businesses will not change their price random; they will try to keep a stable price in the market. Consequently, consumers have become the most beneficiary. Nevertheless, collusion cause consumer lost much profit. It defined as a few number of rival firms make decision together for earning more profit. For instance, four supermarkets can control the supply of product; meanwhile, they will increase their price to get more abnormal profit. In addition, experienced businessman will have tacit, tacit collusion will occur that time. Formal collusion also destroys consumers benefit, because businesses always put their profit on the first place. As a consequence, consumer should face an unfair situation, because they have no ability to change the price (Anderton, 2009). In conclusion, although collusion creates significant disadvantages for consumer ¼Ã…’they can be benefited more from the marketing mix and rigidity price,. In specific, instead of price competition solely, consumers needs be satisfied by marketing mix. Business will use suitable promotion and price in different place, which depending on the type of their product. Furthermore, stable price let consumer use reasonable price to buy product they wanted. On the other hand, collusion has created disadvantages for consumers by control supply and price. However, government has already prepared to stop this phenomenon (Mail Online, 2009), which is a good news for consumers. Overall, these four supermarkets played a significant role in peoples normal life in UK; increasing number of requirement can be fulfilled. However, these four supermarkets take too much market share, it make high barrier for new firms. Government should consider reduce the barriers to entry, therefore, consumers will have more choice for buying product.

The Doctrine of President Bush Essay -- Politics Political

On 20 September 2002, the Bush administration published a national security manifesto overturning the established order. Not because it commits the United States to global intervention: We've been there before. Not because it targets terrorism and rogue states: Nothing new there either. No, what's new in this document is that it makes a long-building imperial tendency explicit and permanent. The policy paper, titled "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America" -- call it the Bush doctrine -- is a romantic justification for easy recourse to war whenever and wherever an American president chooses. This document truly deserves the overused term "revolutionary," but its release was eclipsed by the Iraq debate. Recall the moment. Bush, having just backed away from unilateralism long enough to deliver a speech to the United Nations, was now telling Congress to give him the power to go to war with Iraq whenever and however he liked. Congress, with selective reluctance, was skating sideways toward a qualified endorsement. The administration had fended off doubts from the likes of George Bush Sr.'s national security adviser Brent Scowcroft, and retreated from its maximal designs (at least on Tuesdays and Thursdays), giving doubters, and politicians preoccupied with their reelection, reasons to overcome their doubts and sign on. The Bush White House chose this moment to put down in black and white its grand strategy -- to doctrinize, as it were, its impulse to act alone with the instruments of war. Hitching a ride on Al Qaeda's indisputable threat, the doctrine generalizes. It is limitless in time and space. It not only commits the United States to dominating the world from now into the distant future, but al... ...gned to take more than passing note of his speech. As a nation, we’re still in a trance. The leadership of the most powerful nation-state on earth proceeds to set out its grand strategy, its unified theory of everything, and its prime channels of information don’t see fit to let the populace in on the news that their government is hell-bent on empire and has said so in black and white. Nonetheless, Bush’s strategy is now in force. It confirms suspicions and stokes paranoia. In propounding that there are no more than two models for how a society lives in the world, and that those who despise the one must enlist behind the other, it indulges in the same drastic oversimplification that motivates the terrorists. Americans will have to contend with the consequences for generations. This is why the Bush doctrine is dangerous: It’s a gift to anti-Americans everywhere.

Life Cycle Assessment Essay

This Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) aims to evaluate the environmental impact of the production of candlesticks. All the different materials and processes required to manufacture candles need to be taken into consideration to determine the impacts on the environment. The most common material used to manufacture candles is paraffin wax. Each candle comes in some type of individual packaging most of the time. Candle wicks are made using various natural fibers, such as reeds, rushes, or cotton. An important refinement in wick technology introduced the plaited wick, which burned more than unplaited wicks. Currently, twisted or plaited cotton makes up most of the wicks. The candlestick is made of steel, or could also be made of metal. The functional unit will be a 125ml candle able to generate up to 25 hours of light. Each steel-made candlestick can only hold one candle, and can be used several times. Inputs: †¢Paraffin wax †¢Cotton †¢Metal †¢Materials for packaging Outputs: †¢Gas emissions: when candles burn, paraffin wax emits greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide. †¢Depletion of natural resources: paraffin wax is derived from crude oil. Paraffin candles are petroleum products, a non renewable resource. It could increase pollution due to oil spills and the processes needed to extract petroleum. At the same time, the extraction of metal needed for the candlestick causes large volumes of solid waste, requires large amounts of energy, and produces air, soil, and water pollution. †¢Chemicals toxicity: some candles might have lead or zinc in their wick, which release harmful gasses when they burn. Also, scented candles can release toxins from the chemicals used to give them scent. Question 2 of 3 (10 points) Corporate Environmental Management Tools †¢Ecolabelling: Swan eco-label was developed for candles by the Nordic ecolabelling. The main purpose is to reduce the emission and effect of substances harmful to users’ health and the reduction of gases that have and impact on climate change. According to this scheme, 19 out of 28 are environmental requirements, such as description of the candle, description of chemical additives, among others. †¢Design for the Environment: Enabling consumers to quickly identify products that are safer and that can help protect the environment will make them choose a certain product more frequently. If manufacturers start focusing on producing candles that are made from the safest possible ingredients, consumers, producers, and the environment will benefit. †¢Sustainability reports: Keeping track of environmental performance and the capacity of a company to use and maintain resources in a way that prevents depletion, will improve economic, and social performance. If candles can be produced in a more sustainable way, that is, using substitutes sources that are renewable and less harmful, the final product will be more successful in all the areas. Therefore, reporting this information will allow constant improvement of all the processes. †¢Integrated supply chain management: It is important to know which stages in a supply chain are the ones that are being less efficient, and negatively affecting the production of a good, in this case, candlesticks. Determining these processes can enable their improvement to have a more environmentally friendly supply chain. †¢Carbon footprint: As we need metals for producing a candlestick, we depend on large amounts of energy and, if the energy is generated using fossil fuels, it has a large carbon footprint. Measuring carbon footprint allows the whole manufacturing process to be analyzed, realizing which stages have a stronger impact and how can they be improved. †¢Cleaner production: improvement of the machinery used in each stage of production can decrease the environmental impact of producing candles, as it will decrease waste created after different processes. It can also make the processes more efficient, benefiting the company. Development of technology has made these improvements possible. †¢Stakeholder analysis: every single company must consider all the interested parts in a product as they are the ones that decide how successful and efficient a good will is. If the manufacturing of candlesticks is for example affecting the surroundings of a plant, people, that are consumers too , can generate social impacts that will worsen the company’s performance and image. Question 3 of 3 (4 points) Challenges and limitations Candles can be made of different types of wax that have different impacts on the environment. Some of the raw materials that could be used to produce a candle can be less harmful than others. The candleholder life span could vary depending on the quality of the metal that is being used. Therefore, changing the life span of the candlestick. Transition from a â€Å"Cradle to Grave† to a â€Å"Cradle to Cradle† Steel has high scrap metal recycling value. Old metal material can be reused to make new products. Recycling old metal products uses 95% less energy than manufacturing it using new materials. Metal recycling processes require using a lot of energy. If we recycle metal products we only have to use a low percentage of this total energy, decreasing the use of our natural resources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To minimize wasteful wrapping of candles, the material used for packaging can reduce the environmental impact by choosing more recyclable materials. Aluminum, for instance, could be used as a base for the candles, or even to manufacture a candleholder, considering it can be easily recycled. Glass, can be recycled too, reused, and even upcycled into new materials or products. Avoiding candles with extra plastic packaging can also decrease the negative impacts on the environment. In addition to packaging decisions, considering the materials used for manufacturing of candles can benefit the producers, consumers and the environment. For example, soy and beeswax candle emit fewer harmful chemicals when burned. Another way to reduce pollution is to buy from local candlemakers. This reduces wasteful packaging, and there is no need to transport raw materials to a farther manufacturing plant, and to consumers at longer geographical distances. Thus, reducing fuel usage and supporting local bus inesses as well.

Jurlique Marketing Essay

1.0 Executive summary The main purpose of this business report is to review the appropriateness of Jurlique cosmetic products for the Australian target market. The key findings are: Australia is a huge market for cosmetic and toiletry industry, while it is full of competition due to the zero duty on American cosmetics; Jurlique is a well established brand for most Australia customers, however, it still needs unique selling points other than natural ingredient to expand its market share. This is mostly based on the product research and development. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Purpose This report sets out to review the product for a target segment. 2.2 Scope This report first describes the overall cosmetic industry, the market share of Jurlique’s skin care products and the growth trend. Then the macro and micro-environmental analysis are conducted before the detailed description of the products category. Following the target segmentation, some recommendations will be made. 2.3 Methodology This report is created based on the theories from the textbook and the secondary data from websites. In addition, graphs and tables are used to assist the specific analysis. 2.4 Assumption and limitation During the research, some information can not be accessed, however, the information can be found from others as the official website which is formal and perusable to do reference. 3.0 Description of the industry 3.1 Market size and market share According to IBIS World (2010), cosmetics and toiletries industry are based on a solid foundation, with a booming prospect. He also forecasts that global cosmetic industry will embrace an inspiring growth at an average annual rate of 3.2%, within the period to 2012-2013. Graph 1: Global cosmetic industry performance and forecast (Data source: IBIS World 2010) As a key player in the natural cosmetics and skincare industry, Australian-owned Jurlique Company is a well-deserved market leader. It manufactures and distributes a range of skin care and aromatherapy products as well as herbal medicines. Through multi-channel distribution network, the company enters into 20 different countries, where about 60 company-owned concept stores and 5000 or so Jurlique-branded retail outlets are established (Official Website, 2012). Plus, department stores, pharmacies and health food stores, as well as aroma-therapy clinics and beauty salons are also the sales channel of the company’s 75% products. The differentiation in products themselves and diversification in marketing channels both contribute to the company’s profit margins, which are thought to be about 30%, and annual sales, which are estimated to exceed AU$100 million (RAPS, 2011). 3.2 Macro-environment 3.2.1 Overall cosmetic consumption trend Graph2: Total market sale of Australian cosmetic industry Source: Australia Bureau of Statistics The cosmetic and beauty industry has experienced a constant growth the whole world, and Australia is not an exception (see above graph). The Australia cosmetics and toiletries market value is in order of US$1.5 billion, with imports products occupying about half of that (U.S Commercial Service). This suggests that the domestic cosmetic brands are facing relatively fierce competition from cosmetic brands abroad. In terms of market share of cosmetic industry in Australia, the U.S is still maintaining about 30 percent market share (U.S Commercial Service). There are several reasons for this. The U.S is well known for its large proportion of investment in cosmetics research and development; Owing to the Free Trade Agreement between Australia and the United States, the U.S enjoys zero general import duty on cosmetics and toiletries exported to Australia. 3.2.2 Demographic factor The cosmetics and toiletries industry in Australia is closely associated with the people’s paying increasing attention to personal appearance, both for women and men. The emergence of an aging population in Australia, along with a raised awareness of health and environmental issues, stimulated to a certain extent the consciousness of the importance of products that prolong a youthful appearance. For baby boomer generation which is experiencing life changes brought by aging, they have shown increasing interests in cosmetics and toiletries, not only to enhance their appearance but also for other reasons. A simple example is that they use foundation with treatment ingredients to protect their skin against harmful UV rays, and to help a variety of skin problems. 3.2.3 Cultural changes As the consumer attitude gradually changes, people are more in favor of the natural and safe products in cosmetic market. Australia consumers are not exception. They respected green-added cosmetics, namely, they are increasingly in pursuit of natural, pollution-free cosmetics with no chemicals added. Consequently, the products of chemical-free will gain competitive advantages in Australian cosmetic market to meet the consumer’s psychological needs for green, organic skin care products. 3.3 Micro-environment 3.3.1 Organization Jurlique is a Sydney-based cosmetic company, boasting its skin care products, all of which are made in the most natural way. Funded in 1985 by chemist and also a doctor-Jurgen Klein, the beauty company was characterized by farm system, which makes the fact possible that all ingredients are cultivated and processed in the Adelaide Hills, and then distributed in Australia and abroad (Pola Orbis, 2011). The company’s mission is to generate sustainability and create mutual benefit between people and nature, with its slogan â€Å"Purest Skin Care Products on Earth through Nature, Science and Innovation†. Jurlique, with its headquarters in Mount Barker in the Adelaide foothills, has planted good names for its natural and chemical free products in Australia. On November 30, 2011, Jurlique International announces acquisition by POLA Orbis, which is the fourth leading cosmetic company in Japan and has been developing its business model around the cosmetics industry with a recurring theme of â€Å"beauty and health† since its founding in 1929. This acquisition makes Jurlique brand well positioned along with a strong presence and compelling momentum in key strategic markets, with a focus on Asia, the Americas and the home market Australia. Table 1: Changes in Jurlique shares held by POLA as a result of the Acquisition Source: POLA’s Share Purchase Agreement 3.3.2 Customers Customers of Jurlique are mainly female who pay a certain attention to their skin condition and are willing to buy skin care products at a reasonable price. In addition, customers of Jurlique need to be aware of the importance of natural ingredient for their skin. As spa gradually gains popularity, Jurlique’s target consumer will be expanded to whoever enjoys a natural and comfortable spa. 3.3.3 Publics Rising concern can be noted by Australian consumers of any cosmetic product regarding health and safety. Greater attention is also being given to natural products in cosmetics. Innovative beauty salon products that incorporate premium and organic ingredients are given warm welcome. This can explain that sales of Jurlique products using natural ingredients are showing steady growth. 3.3.4 Competitions Dominated by industrial players like Luxus, P&G and Unilever in Australian cosmetic and toiletry industry, the main high-end competitive brands in the country include well-established world-famous brands such as Lancome, Estee Lauder, Clinique, Shiseido, Christian Dior, Giorgio Armani, Bobbi Brown and Clarins. Middle end brands contain Revlon, Max Factor, L’Oreal and Olay (U.S. Commercial Service). In addition, newer brands from Japan and Korea are very popular among Australian young girls such as DHC, Fancl, HABA, Mioggi, Lanegie, Skin Food. 4.0 Products Jurlique products can be classified into six categories by the company’s official website. Table2: Jurlique product line (from Official Website) Product line Products detailed by category Skin care line cleansers, deep cleansing, refreshing, recovering, renewing, moisturizing, nurturing, special care, eye and lip care, tools and accessories Body care hand care, body lotion, body oils, shower gels Hair care shampoo, hair conditioners Baby care hypo-allergenic and pH balanced baby care products Essential oils comprises pure essential oils, essential oil blends, and carrier oils Seasonal offers comprises seasonal sets of products containing specific blends Within all these excellent natural products, Herbal Recovery Gel needs to be mentioned more. Belonging to skin care category, it is a light gel concentrate for day and night, which contains natural antioxidants and is suitable for all skin conditions, including oily and problem skin. It works deeply to strengthen and restore hydration, which can help maintain ideal skin moisture balance. 4.1 Three levels of the products 4.1.1 Core level Core level of a product represents the basic consumption benefit consumers can get from the product. Namely, it is the function or efficiency of the product. For skin care products made by Jurlique, they can not only meet the very basic requirements of target audience for better their skin condition  with its natural ingredients, but they also can realize the process in a sustainable manner. 4.1.2 Actual level Apart from the natural and high-quality characteristics, Jurlique products also have a mature packaging chain, which contains three sets of processes: primary packaging, secondary packaging and tertiary packaging (Jurlique International, 2011). All products produced are packed into tertiary packaging for shipment from production to logistics, and from logistics to distributors or direct to consumers. The tertiary packaging utilized is common throughout the supply chain where possible. Just like the packaging, labeling considerations will continue to express the green concept. For example, the use of relevant recyclable symbols such as the â€Å"green dot† and inclusion of the material identification will serve as an important tool in marketing strategy. 4.1.3 Augmented level Customers who buy Jurlique products can enjoy comfortable service from the company. Jurlique has its mature online service and various distribution channels. Products sold through every channel will be delivered timely. In addition, anyone who is interested in this brand can sign up for emails, and become a Jurlique insider. The insiders can get the professional advice in terms of skin care and also free gifts from the company. 5.0 Target segment 5.1 Demographic segmentation The majority of target customers Jurlique are females, specifically Generation X and Baby Boomers who are looking for beauty products which can help reduce wrinkles, better skin dark and contain natural or pure ingredients (Phosphagenics Newsletter, 2009). In Australia, Women between age 25 and 39 staying workplace have the strongest purchase power. They are  value and quality conscious, prepared to pay a little more for a prestige product that works. For those female seeking natural and quality products, Jurlique is undoubtedly a perfect choice whose claims match product performance. 5.2 Behavioral segmentation Different people seek different benefits from Jurlique products, and according to the product itself and the behavioral habits of Australian consumer, the market can be segmented into: 1. Single brand loyalty: it is of difficulty to break the previous loyalty for a certain brand, however, it this group have faith in Jurlique, the loyalty will last long. 2. Multiple brands loyalty: this group is willing to try new brands, but the loyalty can not be assured. 3. No brand loyalty: this group tends to be price sensitive or efficiency sensitive. 5.3 Geographic segmentation In geographical version, the whole Australian market can be segmented into several divisions. The five biggest cities in Australia: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide should be the major target markets which all have advantages of large amount of working female and strong purchase power. Cities with more than a hundred thousand populations in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania etc will be the second largest target markets for Jurlique. The remaining cities with less population but relatively big purchase power should also be considered. 5.4 Psychographic: Based on people’s life style and value, the market can be segmented  psychologically. The research concerning people’s life style should be based on AOI: 1. Activities: this refers to where and when people use their time on skin care. 2. Interests: how much attention would people pay to the change of skin condition. 3. Opinion: this refers to what people think of the brand. 6.0 Key needs The mainstream trend in Australian cosmetic and toiletry industry is that consumers are willing to pay the higher price for those technologically advanced products because they perceive the ingredients to be expensive, uniquely manufactured based on intensive research and develop. Therefore, the innovative initiative of Jurlique based on its laboratory R&D is in need. In addition, market for color cosmetics, hair care products and beauty salon based products unsaturated to a certain degree. This is mainly for the reason that those products are not the mainstream business scope for the major competitors from the U.S and France. Consequently, Jurlique could stretch its product line or emphasis the manufacture and market capture of those products. 7.0 Recommendations 1. Adjust the shift of distributional channels in Australia The retailing of cosmetics and toiletries in Australia has experienced a remarkable change in recent years. Supermarkets are beginning to play a major role in selling cosmetics and toiletries, replacing traditional retailers and pharmacies (Market Overview, 2010). Major supermarkets such as Coles, Safeway and Woolworths have become the sites where 45 percent of cosmetic products are sold in Australia. Pharmacies and cosmetic retailers are showing more and more presence in cosmetic market. Jurlique should take this change into account when it come to adjusting marketing strategy. 2. Professional technologic certification shows its increasing importance It should be realized that natural or organic ingredients are no more than distinctive selling points which add value to the products. Consumers today tend to expect assurance through product certification, especially for new or unfamiliar products, just as Jurlique for Australian consumer. Therefore, it is highly recommended that Jurlique obtain professional certification from authorized certifiers to enhance product credibility. 8.0 References IBIS World (2010). Cosmetic and Toiletry Retailing in Australia, Melbourne: Arna Richardson, Exporter Guild, Australian, Organic Market, P11(ix), April 2011 Jurlique official website. Retrieved from: http://www.jurlique.com.au/ U.S Commercial Service. 2010, Retrieved from: http://www.trade.gov/cs/ RAPS (2011). Beauty environmental scan. http://175.107.146.153/~rapstcco/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Beauty-Industry-Environmental-Scan-2011.pdf Phosphagenics Newsletter. (2009). Retrieved from: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/45622966/PHOSPHAGENICS-concealer Asia-Pacific Cosmetics and Toiletries Market Overview. 2010 Pola Orbis (2011). POLA ORBIS HOLDINGS enters into a Share Purchase Agreement to acquire all outstanding shares of Jurlique International Pty Ltd[R].2011. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (2011). Export guide: Organics and green market in Australia. Jurlique International (2011). Australian packaging covenant action plan. Retrieved from: http://www.packagingcovenant.org.au/documents/File/Jurlique%20International%20Pty%20Ltd%20AP_10_15.pdf

Human Resource Development Essay

HRD is any process or activity that either initially or over the longer term has the potential to develop adults work based knowledge, expertise, productivity and satisfaction, whether for personal or group team gains or for the benefit of an organization community , nation ultimately the whole community†. HRD beliefs:- 1- People can do better and do wonders. 2- Involve them, trust them and treat them as resource or assets. 3- Fours on strengths of people and help them overcome their weakness. 4- Integrate individual’s needs & aspiration to organization Objectives of HRD:- 1- Develop high motivation level – To strengthen superior-subordinate relationship 3- To develop a sense of team spirit, team work & inter team collaboration. 4- To develop the original health, culture & climate. 5- To generate systematic info about HR 6- To increase the capabilities of an organization to recruit, select, retain and motivate talented employees. 7- To develop construc tive mind in employees. 8- To generate info about HR for manpower planning, placement, successive planning and like. Author – Meera Sharma SCOPE: The field of HRD or Human Resource Development encompasses several aspects of enabling and empowering human resources in organization. Whereas earlier HRD was denoted as managing people in organizations with emphasis on payroll, training and other functions that were designed to keep employees happy, the current line of management thought focuses on empowering and enabling them to become employees capable of fulfilling their aspirations and actualizing their potential. This shift in the way human resources are treated has come about due to the prevailing notion that human resources are sources of competitive advantage and not merely employees fulfilling their job responsibilities. The point here is that the current paradigm in HRD treats employees as value creators and assets based on the RBV or the Resource Based View of the firm that has emerged in the SHRM (Strategic Human Resource Management) field. The field of HRD spans several functions across the organization starting with employee recruitment and training, appraisals and payroll and extending to the recreational and motivational aspects of employee development. The main functions of HRD are:- 1. Training and development Training and development is aimed at improving or changing the knowledge skills and attitudes of the employees. While training involves providing the knowledge and skills required for doing a particular job to the employees, developmental activities focus on preparing the employees for future job responsibilities by increasing the capabilities of an employee which also helps him perform his present job in a better way. These activities start when an employee joins an organization in the form of orientation and skills training. After the employee becomes proficient, the HR activities focus on the development of the employee through methods like coaching and counseling. 2 Organization development OD is the process of increasing the effectiveness of an organization along with the well being of its members with the help of planned interventions that use the concepts of behavioral science. Both micro and macro changes are implemented to achieve organization development. While the macro changes are intended to improve the overall effectiveness of the organization the micro changes are aimed at individuals of small groups. Employee involvement programmes requiring fundamental changes in work expectation, reporting, procedures and reward systems are aimed at improving the effectiveness of the organization. The human resource development professional involved in the organization development intervention acts as an agent of change. He often consults and advising the line manager in strategies that can be adopted to implement the required changes and sometimes becomes directly involve in implementing these strategies. 3. Career development It is a continuous process in which an individual progresses through different stages of career each having a relatively unique set of issues and tasks. Career development comprises of two distinct processes. Career Planning and career management. Whereas career planning involves activities to be performed by the employee, often with the help of counselor and others, to assess his capabilities and skills in order to frame realistic career plan. Career management involves the necessary steps that need to be taken to achieve that plan. Career management generally focus more on the steps that an organization that can take to foster the career development of the employees.